Conclusion: In conclusion the entire population was grouped into four clusters with 3, 9, 1 and 9 ecotypes. No significant relationship between genetic diversity detected by RAPD technique and geographical origins.

Background: Ferula gummosa is one of the most important pharmaceutical, industrial and aromatic plants in Iran. The extract and essential oils of this species are used in different industrial, such as, pharmacy, nutritious, manufacture of perfumes, gluing and military industries. Objective: In this research, genetic diversity in the landraces of Galbanum taken from different zones in Iran was studied. Methods: In this rummage, the genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves and genetic diversity of these landraces was perused. Results: Totally 296 bands were numbered that 89% of them were polymorphic. The number of alleles per each primer combination varied from 20 to 43. The highest and the lowest levels of genetic similarity were 0.87 and 0.56 respectively. The maximum of similarity was observed among landraces of Aridineh-garnadeh velar (Damavand-Tehran) and Polour (Mazandaran), while the minimum of similarity was observed between Ardineh – ashkrizeh valley 3200 (Damavand –Tehran) and Namad kousar lar (Shemiranat_Tehran). Cluster analysis using UPGMA method and DICE similarity coefficient indicated a high genetic diversity among F. gummosa landraces. There was not any relationship between genetic diversity and geographic distribution. Conclusion: The results of this research shows, the existence of high genetic diversity among existing Galbanum landraces. With considering, that Galbanum landraces are from different geographic zones and their essence components are different, the existence of genetic diversity in such plants denotes that phytochemical differences in samples are not just controlled by environmental effect, but it also controls by genetic factors. The result of this study is useful for genetic resource management in F. gummosa landraces.

Background: Hypericum perforatum is one of the valuable medicinal plants in Iran that is used in treating human diseases likes mania, anxiety and depression. Objective: Iranian H. perforatum populations were gathered from deferent region of Iran and also their genetic diversity in company with the possible relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distribution were studied. Methods: DNA was isolated by CTAB method from young leaves and double digested by EcoRI and Tru1I enzymes. Polymorphic DNA markers generated by DNA fingerprinting technique AFLP (Vos method) using 12 primers combinations. DNA fragments detected with silver nitrate staining according to Basam protocol. Results: Totally 235 bands were scored, that 97% of them were polymorphic. The PIC values ranged between 0.31 and 0.45 with mean of 0.38. The highest and the lowest levels of genetic similarity were 0.89 and 0.29, respectively. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method and DICE similarity coefficient indicated a high genetic diversity among H. perforatum populations. There was no relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distribution. Also for the all loci, the PC1 and PC2 explained 12.8% and 8.3% of the variation, respectively. Conclusion: Wide genetic diversity between Iranian H. perforatum pupulations provide applied information to performance of breeding programs and genetic resource management. Of course, investigation of amount of hypericin and hyperforin metabolites in these populations are requiring to selection paramount genotypes.

Background: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar) is a medicinal plant species in the Apiaceae family with culinary and medicinal uses. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of enzymatic digestion of PCR product in improvement of the efficiency of RAPD markers. Methods: Nine RAPD primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA of fifteen accessions of Fennel. Following amplification, a part of PCR products was digested with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and MseI). Both of digested and undigested PCR products were separated on agarose gel electrophoresis. The accessions were grouped by cluster analysis and polymorphic information content index was calculated for each marker. Also percentage and component of essential oil were indicated by GC/MS analysis. Results: The comparison of banding patterns of digested and undigested PCR products revealed that digestion of RAPD-PCR product using a four base cutter enzyme such as Mse I shows a higher level of polymorphism as compared to standard RAPD. Cluster analysis based on data obtained by modified RAPD classified accessions more suitable as compared to standard RAPD data. There was no correlation between genetic diversity and metabolic yield. Conclusion: Restriction enzymes have enormous potential to improve the efficiency of RAPD markers in evaluation of genetic diversity across genome.