Background: Considering the fact that traditional knowledge forms the basis for development of new natural products in the other hands the elder people in some villages possess the traditional knowledge and with death of them, this knowledge is rapidly eroding. So it is an urgent necessity to record and conserving as quickly as possible all information about plants. Objective: Consideration and study of connections between usage and cultures believes about medicinal plants (Ethnobotany) is interesting and important basis for research. The aim of this research was studied of two family (Lamiaceae and Rosaceae) in some Alamut villages to know how the people use of these plants for their treatment. Methods: The investigated area was divided into different villages with the help of map. Questionnaires were used and devised to identify and document the traditional knowledge of local people. Information and data on various aspects of the plants such as traditional uses, and collection method and time of each species in the area were gathered from the local experienced persons through interviews and discussions. The plants were gathered from different altitude and sites. Then the fully dried specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets. A set of voucher specimens were deposited to IMPH. Results: In this investigation 11 medicinal species of Lamiaceae and 10 medicinal species of Rosaceae family were found that used frequently by native people. Conclusion: In this region there are some rare plants that can be subjected for investigations by researcher for their effects that may be interesting for their therapeutic effects.

Background: Kazeroon, with about 4060 km², is situated in the west of Shiraz (Fars province). This region is an important area which shows a great plant biodiversity. Also this ancient region is one of the most important human migration roads in Iran and so traditional usage of medicinal plant is a familiar therapeutic way for native people. Objective: The traditional usages of the medicinal plants of region were focused and therefore some beneficial information was gathered using native people questioning. Methods: Medicinal plant flora of region was studied during 2007-2009. All ancient villages were discovered using various geographical maps and then the vernacular information of plants and their usages were collected from well experienced people and finally the collected plants were identified scientifically. Results: 91 species (87 genera and 39 families) were reported from the rangelands around the Kazeroon. Lamiaceae, with 11 species, and Asteraceae with 9 species were the largest families respectively, and Plantago (Plantaginaceae) with 3 species was the largest genus in the medicinal flora of area. Conclusion: Medicinal plant species are used mainly in remediation of Digestive, Blood Transfer and Urinary system diseases respectively. Studied region shows high degree of species richness and its people are familiar with medicinal plants use. Therefore these traditional and local medicinal usage information of plants are more important and useful for future farmacological investigations.

Background: Some knowledge about medicinal plants is available in old references or books. But important point is, the information of traditional usage of medicinal plants from different parts of Iran be worthwhile and people is encouraged to use of them, another way it is a good background for future examination about medicinal plants. Objective: One of the most important sources of traditional medicine data collection is indigenous people. So the aims of the study are asking the knowledge from eldest and native people to accumulation the wealth and to guide interested people to use of medicinal plants. Methods: We started our investigation after prepared a map to distinction the area and different villages. Then we interviewed about medicinal plants in the region from eldest and native people. The specimens that were collected in the region were transferred to herbarium (ACECR) to recognition. Results: In this investigation 14 medicinal species belong to 11 families were collected and identified. In comparison with another survey in some region in neighboring provinces, there are some differences between how to use of medicinal plants and traditional usage that it is due to mores of indigenous people in the each part. Conclusion: Considering that the region has a favorable weather and rich flora especially medicinal plants and also has a previous historical of traditional medicine, so it is needed to pay attention to protect them. Another way we found some new effects of the medicinal plants that can be subjected for investigations to more examination.

Background: Dashtestan, with 6371 km² area, is situated at 85 km in the east of Bushehr city. Influence of some important ecological factores, such as neighboring to the Persian Gulf, passing two rivers of dalaki and shapoor and also presence of southern continuation of Zagros Mountains are leading to high importance of region in plant biodiversity view point. Objective: Study on the medicinal plant flora of the region and introducing some information of folk medicine and the most useful medicinal species were objected here. Methods: All ancient regions of the Dashtestan were discovered using appropriate geographical maps and then the plant species were gathered from various localities respectively. Vernacular information of collected plants and their usages in the folk medicine were questioned from well experienced people. In final stage the collected plants were identified scientifically after deposition in the herbarium. Results: A total of 85 plant species representing 70 genera and 39 families are identified in the area. The most abundant families of the region are Asteraceae (10 species) and Lamiaceae (8 species) respectively, and the largest genera is Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) with 6 species. The most folk medicine usage of them is in the remediation of digestive diseases. Conclusion: Traditional usage of medicinal plant is more accepted among the people of area. The most of medicinal herbs are used mainly in remediation of digestive diseases. Considering the culture of society and attention of people to medicinal plants, it may be an attractive object from the farmacological view point.

Background: Zarivar region, with about 5,000 km2 area, is located in the west of Iran, neighboaring the Marivan city. This region has a rich floral diversity due to some ecological factors such as: the average annual precipitation (about 997 mm/year), influence of the mediteranean water masses and situation within zagros mountain. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify medicinal plants flora of the Zarivar region and introducing some information of local herbal plants. Methods: Definition of the area was done based on 1:65000 topographic maps, then medicinal plant specimens were collected during years 2012-2013. Local knowledgeable people were questioned about usages of medicinal plants and data were recorded. Collected plants were deposited and identified in Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural resources research center of Kermanshah. Results: Overally 56 medicinal plant species belonging to 48 genera and 24 families were determined. Lamiaceae with 12 species and Asteraceae with 11 species had the highest species richness respectively. The most folk medicine were used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Conclusion: Results showed that numerous and valuable medicinal plants were found in Zarivar region. Traditional usage of medicinal plants is more accepted among people of the area. So, further studies may be more effective from pharmacological view of point.

Background: Iran has a long history of traditional medicine and medicinal plants use in Middle East. Many ethnics in several parts of Iran use medicinal plants for their illness.
Objective: Our aims were to identify which medicinal plants in the East- Mazandaran used for gastro intestinal problems and how the indigenous people treat their gastro intestinal problems.
Methods: An investigation was carried out for a period of 2 years (from 2014 to 2015) in the area of East- Mazandaran. A questionnaire was prepared through face-to-face interviews. In order to collect detailed information we visited the people who had knowledge of medicinal plants and identify their collected dried medicinal plants. Persian and local name of the plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded.
Results: After ethnobotanical study in the East-Mazandaran region we recorded 20 species belong to 10 family of medicinal plant in this area. The most common families are: Apiaceaea and Rosaceae (4 plants). The aerial parts, Young silks, seed, fruits, roots, buds and leaves of plants were used by people. The plants were collected in desire months, dried and stored for use during the year seasons in order to use them later.
Conclusion: This study showed that, Heracleum persicum, Cichorium intybus, Mentha aquatica, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Mespilus germanica, are the plants used in high range by many people for their illness. Since these species have been used by ages in traditional therapy of the area, more attention should be paid for their scientific study.
 

Marrubium vulgare L. (common name: Horehound, hoarhound) is one of the medicinal plants which has been used in the treatment of stomach, arrhythmia, asthma, jaundice, lung diseases and liver disorders in Iranian traditional medicine. Other properties are expectorant, antispasmodic, tonic, anti-infective agent and externally, it has been used in ulcers and wounds. Flowers in M. vulgare generally appear in early spring and regularly visited by readily nectar gathering bees. The plant is a good candidate for phytoremediation of Hg contaminated soils. Previous phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, lactones, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenylpropanoid esters, and diterpenoids in M. vulgare. In this review we focused on the several aspects of taxonomy, morphology, chemical composition and traditional medicine of horehound.

Background: Documenting of indigenous knowledge related to traditional medicine often leads to discovery of new drugs and prevent from destruction and forgotten it.
Objective: Documentation of medicinal use of Amygdalus lycioides Spach var. horrida in traditional medicine of local people Naein, Khoor and Biabanak county in northeast of Esfahan in Iran.
Methods: Ethnopharmacological information was collected using snowball sampling, Participant Observation and semi-structured interviews from 120 informants. The question of the interviews includes demography of informants, plant local name, medicinal properties, symptoms of the disease, used part, mode of application, route of administration and effectiveness of medicine, Adverse Drug Reaction, Medications or alternatives for treatment, In addition, it was also investigated about whether the informants used it for therapeutic purposes.
Results: In Traditional medicine of Case study the A.lycioides are used in the treatment of disease such as diabetes, blood fat, hypotensive, Inflammation of the prostate, durectic, kidney stone, pain, Constipation, Colds and asthma. 98% of informants have reached the desired medicinal properties using aerial parts of the species.
Conclusion: This study report Medicinal properties of A. lycioides treating blood fat, Inflammation of the prostate, durectic, and kidney stone for the first time. Also the result shows that for medicinal uses it is not necessary to use the root of plant.

Background: Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people. Traditional plant usage for medicinal purposes is a main part of indigenous people culture which has been formed during centuries in rural area. This knowledge has played important role in the development of new drugs on the modern medicine.
Objective: The present study was conducted with the purpose of introducing the traditional usage of medicinal plants of Shazand city for medicinal purposes.
Methods: The data were collected through field surveys, face-to face interviews with local botanist and documentary studies. After samples collection, plant species were identified and local name, life form, therapeutic characteristics, used plant organs, routes of administration were gathered.
Results: In this study, 56 plant species belong to 23 families were identified. The most frequently used plant was as comforting, healing wounds, stomach tonic, painkiller and anti-inflammation and other use in traditional medicine that they can be exploited with careful planning and management.
Conclusion: Shazand with 56 medicinal plant species is considered a rich source of these valuable plant; and this provide suitable field to increase the area under cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, afterwards to reduce wild-harvesting medicinal plants from natural areas.

Introduction: Ethnobutany, as a part of every region’s national capital, contains local beliefs and knowledge about plants and their characteristics being the result of centuries of trial and error in the natural environment. Though, it is unwritten and exposed to degeneration.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to acquire and document the culture of traditional use of Zebarkhan rangeland medicinal plants from Neyshabur in Razavi Khorasan province.
Method: In this study, the traditional knowledge of the people about the plants was collected in free interviewing and participatory observations. Questions posed about local names, growth form, harvest methods, organ usages and properties of plants. Interviews then went on until the repeated responses confirmed the reliability and validity. Collected Plants were identified by applying valid botanic sources.
Result: The existence of 70 medicinal plants in Neyshabur rangelands confirms the richness of this region, so identification and documentation of their indigenous knowledge can pave the way for a better usage of medicinal plants and their products.
Conclusion: In this study, 70 medicinal plant species belonging to 29 families were identified. The largest proportion of plant species were respectively related to Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Polygonaceae. Among traditional uses, the most belonged to diseases treatment related to digestive, colds, neurological problems and sedation. The most commonly used organs were floral branches, leaves and young stems. Investigating and comparing different uses of plants in the study area as well as the other parts of Iran proves the similarity usage of similar plant species in different regions of the country.

Background: Ethnobotany investigates the traditional and local application of plants in different regions by locals and different cultures. It aims at describing the relationships between cultures and plants, focusing on their applications. Local people and the elderly in each region have a lot of information about the uses of plants. Objective: The purpose of this study was to introduce the most important medicinal plants species in Abhar County and their applications in traditional therapies. Methods: After stydying the area, interviews with native connoisseurs, the medicinal plants of Abhar County were collected during 2015 -2016 and by their scientific identification, the names in Persian, Local as well as the organs used, their medicinal properties, and usage were determined. Results: The findings of this study revealed the presence of 71 medicinal plants species belonging to 29 families. The families of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae with 11, 10, and 8 species, respectively, are the most important ones in the study area. The most important applications of them in Abhar County are for gastrointestinal disorders (54/93%). They are mostly used in brewed and boiled (76/06%), or extracted form (38/03%). Conclusion: Presence of 71 species of medicinal plants in Abhar County with their various uses by the local people in the treatment of diseases is indicative of the value of traditional medicine in this region. So, the preservation and development of this indigenous knowledge can play an important role in treatment of some diseases in a more appropriate, less costly and fewer side effects way.

Background: Mahneshan County, with an area of 2815 km2, located west of Zanjan province, is the most prosperous and pristine regions . The county is rich in Plant biodiversity due to its plains and highlands, diverse habitats and proper soil and water resources. A significant proportion of its herbs have medicinal properties, including the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, which have not yet been carefully studied. Objective: identification of medicinal plants and their traditional applications in treatment of gastro-intestinal diseases. Methods: After a preliminary stydy of the region the plant species were collected during 2017-2018. Simultaneously interviewning with indigenous knowledgeable people about the medicinal plants used in treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders were carried out. After their scientific identification, all information about Persian name, local name, part used, method of application and their medicinal properties were gathered. Results: As the results, 88 species of medicinal plant belonging to 30 families are used for the treatment of gastro-intestinal  diseases. The families of Lamiaceae with 16, Asteraceae with 15, Apiaceae and Fabaceae with 7 species are the most important ones, which are commonly used as brewed and boiled. Conclusion: Considering the historical background of the county, this study could be an introduction for a better and more scientific use of medicinal plants in the region. Scientific planned usage of medicinal plants can help the plant's genetic reservoir and also development the local employment through fewer side effects and more effective by-products.

Background: Traditional herbal medicine has a long history in the Persian communities of Fars province, especially in Fasa County. Despite the longstanding history and robust culture of traditional medicine in this region, there is no comprehensive study on the ethnobotanical knowledge of this unique region with residents historically dependent on medicinal plants. Objective: Hence, the main objective of this study was to identify and record medicine plants and traditional herbal knowledge of the ethnic communities of Fasa County in the Fars province of Iran. Methods: Ethnopharmacological data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, guided walks, and group interviews during a period of two years (2021-2022). 45 local informants were selected and interviewed for data collection. We calculated quantitative factors including informant consensus factors (ICF), and use reports (UR) for each species. Medicinal plant species were identified through standard taxonomic methods by botanists. Results: The local communities have documented 62 medicinal plants across 58 genera from 27 families, which are used to treat 12 different categories of ailments. The most common preparation method was infusion, followed by decoction and poultice. Dermatological (ICF = 0.93), neurological (0.92), and digestive (ICF = 0.91) diseases were documented as the most common ailment categories in this area. Conclusion: The study results indicated that the traditional herbal knowledge of Fasa County is still rich and it revealed an obvious relationship between the ancient medicinal culture of this region and Iranian Traditional Medicine. Therefore, evaluation of the pharmacological activity of highly utilized medicinal plants could result in new herbal drugs.

Background: Ethnobotanical knowledge studies the indigenous, local and traditional uses of plants by different people and cultures. Objective: Analysis of articles in the field of ethnobotanical characteristics of Iranian medicinal plants from the perspective of local people. Methods: The study is a retrospective bibliometric analysis and science mapping. The articles retrieved from five databases were examined and exteracted characteristics such as the name of the region, the number of species, the family with the highest number of species, the plant organ used, the method of using plants, and the therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. Then VOSviewer was used to draw a scientific map. Results: All 145 articles (325 authors and in 59 journals) are divided into three groups, including investigation of the ethnobotanical characteristics of medicinal plants in different regions, the ethnobotanical characteristics of a family/species, ethnobotanical characteristics of Iranian medicinal plants for the treatment/prevention of a disease/disorder. The keywords ethnobotany, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, and ethnopharmacology are among the most frequent keywords and digestive, cold, diabetes, dental, gynecological, respiratory and skin diseases were among the most frequent diseases reported in the articles. Conclusion: The people of different regions of Iran pay attention to the use of different types of medicinal plants to treat diseases. However, the ethnobotanical characteristics of medicinal plants in many regions of Iran have yet to be investigated. Only original research articles published in journals have been reviewed in this study. It is suggested that conference and systematic review articles be evaluated in future studies.