The plants have important role in our daily diet life. Their food value has been studied for many years. They are usually used as medicinal plants to improve national health in relation to nutrition or sanitation. Today, these metabolites extract from wild or cultivated medicinal plants. Production of secondary metabolites by traditional methods, depend on their species, require to months or years time. Furthermore, content of production affected by different factors such as climate changes or pathogens. Tissue culture of medicinal plants has been introduced as a source for production of secondary metabolites. Recently, hairy roots culture has also been a stable source of metabolite production. The hairy roots, induced by inoculation of explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenez, often growth as fast as or faster than plant cell cultures and have attractive properties for secondary metabolite production compare to related plants.

Background: In food industry, quality assurance and prolongation of shelf-life is achieved through control of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods. Regards to much proved adverse effects of synthetic food additives and general concern on the subject, the replacement of these additives with natural based ones such as plant essential oils and natural antibiotics has been raised and researches first at in vitro models and then in food systems is necessary. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin alone and in combination against Listeria monocytogen in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The specifications of combination of essential oil and nisin were determined. Methods: In this study 600 µg/ml of Z. multiflora essential oil and 2.5 µg/ml nisin in pH value of 5 at 15 ºC were used. Results: In this study Zataria multiflora essential oil had antimicrobial effects agains Listeria monocytogen (MBC: 19, MIC: 9.5µg/ml). Combination of nisin and the essential oil had also antimicrobial effects against Listeria monocytogen (MIC: 1.2, MBC: 2.4µg/ml). Conclusion: Zataria multiflora essential oil and nisin were effective against Listeria monocytogen alone. This effect was obviously increased in combination with each other and the results were noticeable.

Background: Bacterial canker and leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) are one of important disease stone fruit tree. Objective: We studied antibacterial activities of fourteen essential oil and four plant extracts on these bacteria. Methods: The assay was carried in Petri dishes containing nutrient agar medium in which there was a well in the center of each Petri dish. These wells filled by 12µl aliquots of the essential oil and extracts. After 48h inoculation of bacteria suspension on the surface medium growth inhibition on zone around the wells was measured. Data analyzed by SAS software. Results: Results showed among essential oil and of plant in inhibition of growth bacteria was significantly difference (p<0.00001). Essential oil of Mentha piperita, Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora tenuior, Tarchyspermum copticum and Salvia officinalis whit 6.3, 6.17, 5.77, 5.57, 4.77 cm have almost inhabitation on Xap respectively. Essential oil of Achillea millefolium, Coriandrum sativum, Heracleum persicum and Salvia officinalis extracts showed lowest antibacterial activities. Azadirachta indica extracts showed highest and Ferula assa-foetida and Thymus vulgaris extracts have any antibacterial effect. Essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, Tarchyspermum copticum, Cuminum cyminum and Mentha piperita, have almost inhibition on Pss respectively. Essential oil of Ziziphora tenuior, Coriandrum sativum and Rosmarinus officinalis have medium and Achillea millefolium, Coriandrum sativum and Artemisia annua have lowest activities on Pss and Salvia officinalis, Ferula assa-foetida have any effect on Pss. Conclusion: This study revealed that essential oils of these plants have high antibacterial activities and can be use for control plant disease.

Background: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its importance for women life as well as side effects of non steroid anti inflammatory drug used for its treatment increases the tendency for alternative complementary, and herbal therapy. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effect of Zingiber officinale R. on primary dysmenorrheal on students residing in Dormitories' Shahed University. Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 78 unmarried students, average 21 years old with primary dysmenorrhea residing in Dormitories' Shahed University. Subjects were selected through a questionnaire which included demographic and menstrual cycle characteristics and graded of dysmenorrhea. Graded of dysmenorrhea were determined by verbal multidimensional scoring system and subjects who were graded moderate and severe dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated into two groups that received the Zingiber capsule and the placebo capsule. The subjects in Zingiber group received the 500 mg zingiber powders in capsules three times a day for three days and placebo group received 500 mg placebo capsule similarly from a day of starting of menstruation. Severity and duration of dysmenorrheal pain were determined in both groups and compared to each other. Results: Results indicate that demographic characteristics (age, BMI and menstrual status) were similar between two groups before treatments. Severity and duration of dysmenorrhea in Zingiber group deceased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.021 respectively) at the end of the study compared to placebo group. Conclusion: Administration of zingiber 500 mg t.i.d decreases pain and duration of primary dysmenorrhea without any obvious adverse effects. The investigation for accurate effective doses of Zingiber and its adverse effect on long term administration is recommended.

Background: Intra uterine device is a safe, effective and reversible method of family planning. Unfortunately, IUD insertion associated with anxiety. The lavender essential oil has anti-anxiety and analgesic effect however it's anti anxiety efficacy before intra uterine device insertion is to be evaluated. Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-anxiety effect of lavender essential oil before intra uterine device insertion. Methods: Total 135 Iranian women candidate for intra uterine device insertion that had eligible criteria were randomly recruited into three lavender, placebo and control group. Data was collected by demographic questionnaire, spiel Berger questionnaire. The candidate apparent and acute anxiety was determined according to 20 questions present in Spiel Berger Questionnaire before and after aromatherapy just before intra uterine device insertion. The 20 questions were given four options including slight, moderate, high and very high with score 20 to 80. The women's were given a box containing a cotton ball soaked with three drops of lavender essential oil or sesame oil. The women's were asked to inhale the box for 5 minute from 7 to 10 centimeter from nose. The apparent and acute anxiety was determined in all three groups before and after aromatherapy just before intra uterine device insertion compared to each other. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software & descriptive & analytic statistics methods. Results: The average anxiety score was decreased in lavender group after aromatherapy compared to before aromatherapy (p<0.001) and also as compared to placebo and control groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The Results of this study suggest that aromatherapy with inhalation of lavender essential oil is effective as anti- anxiety before IUD insertion.