year 18, Issue 72 (11-2019)                   J. Med. Plants 2019, 18(72): 107-121 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Zakeri S, Gorji N, Moeini R, Memariani Z. Therapeutic application of Achillea millefolium L. in female reproductive diseases from the viewpoint of Persian medicine and current medicine. J. Med. Plants 2019; 18 (72) :107-121
URL: http://jmp.ir/article-1-1945-en.html
1- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
2- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran , N.gorji@mubabol.ac.ir
3- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
4- Department of History of Medical Sciences, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of medical sciences, Babol, Iran
Abstract:   (6118 Views)
Introduction: In Persian medicine (PM), Achillea millefolium L. has a wide range of applications in the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study is to introduce the viewpoints of PM scholars about this herb in the field of female diseases and to compare them with the recent studies.
Methods: In this review study, therapeutic applications of Achillea millefolium in the field of female diseases were collected from credible Persian medical sources from 4th to 14th lunar centuries then current scientific databases such as PubMed and Google scholar were searched by using key world Achillea millefolium for collecting the findings of clinical, experimental and in vitro studies about this herb in the field of obstetrics and gynecology to compared to the PM scholars' viewpoints.
Results: in PM, Achillea millefolium is recommended for treatment various female reproductive diseases such as menstrual disorders, facilitating labor, reducing adhesions of cervix, controlling uterine infections. In recent studies, therapeutic effects of this herb on ovarian cyst, menstrual cycle regulation and dysmenorrhea have been reported. Also, in several studies, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of this plant on controlling infections have been investigated; as well the extract of this plant has been effective in inhibiting the proliferation of ovarian adenocarcinoma cells.
Conclusion: Considering the extensive uses of Achillea millefolium reflected in PM and recent studies, it seems that this plant can be used in many fields of female diseases to provide ideas for research and therapy
Full-Text [PDF 804 kb]   (21356 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review | Subject: Traditional Pharmacy & Traditional Medicine
Received: 2017/12/2 | Accepted: 2018/08/11 | Published: 2019/10/28

References
1. Fisher C, Adams J, Hickman L and Sibbritt D. The use of complementary and alternative medicine by 7427 Australian women with cyclic perimenstrual pain and discomfort: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016; 16 (1): 129. [DOI:10.1186/s12906-016-1119-8]
2. Arab F, Afzalaghayi M, Vakilzade AK and Ghorbanzade A. Evaluation of the reasons behind the use of traditional medicine from the perspective of Mashhad medical students. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2015; 5: 46-7.
3. Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacol. 2014; 4: 177. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2013.00177]
4. Sahoo KC, Tamhankar AJ, Johansson E and Stålsby Lundborg C. Community perceptions of infectious diseases, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in context of environmental changes: a study in Odisha, India. Health Expectations 2014; 17 (5): 651-63. [DOI:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00789.x]
5. Mohagheghzadeh A, Zargaran A and Daneshamuz S. Cosmetic sciences from ancient Persia. Pharmaceutical Historian 2011; 41 (2): 18-23.
6. Zargaran A, Zarshenas MM, Mehdizadeh A and Mohagheghzadeh A. Management of tremor in medieval Persia. J. the History of the Neurosciences 2013; 22 (1): 53-61. [DOI:10.1080/0964704X.2012.670475]
7. Moeini R, Gorji N, Ghods R and Mozaffarpur S. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of persian medicine articles indexed in pubmed by the end of 2015. JBUMS. 2017; 19 (1): 21-6.
8. Avicenna H. Al-Qanoon fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine): Beirut: Dare Ehia Attorath Al Arabi; 2005, Vol 3. P. 442, 474, Vol 1. P. 359. (Arabic).
9. Razi MZ. Al Havi [Liber Continent]. Beiruot: Ehyaol Toras al-Arabi Press; 2001, Vol 3. P. 123-64. (Arabic(
10. Sofi Imtiyaz A, Gopalakrishnan B, Venkatesalu. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Achillea millefolium L: A Review. Phytother. Res. 2017; 31 (8): 1140-61. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.5840]
11. Radušiene J and Gudaityte O. Distribution of proazulenes in Achillea millefolium sl wild populations in relation to phytosociological dependence and morphological characters. Plant Genetic Resources 2005; 3 (2): 136-43. [DOI:10.1079/PGR200568]
12. Akram M. Minireview on Achillea millefolium Linn. The Journal of Membrane Biology 2013; 246 (9): 661-3. [DOI:10.1007/s00232-013-9588-x]
13. Lemmens-Gruber R, Marchart E, Rawnduzi P, Engel N, Benedek B and Kopp B. Investigation of the spasmolytic activity of the flavonoid fraction of Achillea millefolium sl on isolated guinea-pig ilea. Arzneimittelforschung 2006; 56 (08): 582-8. [DOI:10.1055/s-0031-1296755]
14. Benedek B, Kopp B and Melzig MF. Achillea millefolium L. sl-Is the anti-inflammatory activity mediated by protease inhibition? Journal of Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 113 (2): 312-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.014]
15. Applequist WL and Moerman DE. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.): A Neglected Panacea? A Review of Ethnobotany, Bioactivity, and Biomedical Research1. Economic Botany 2011; 65 (2): 209. [DOI:10.1007/s12231-011-9154-3]
16. Rauchensteiner F, Nejati S and Saukel J. The Achillea millefolium group (Asteraceae) in Middle Europe and the Balkans: a diverse source for the crude drug Herba Millefolii. Journal of Traditional Medicines 2004; 21 (3): 113-9.
17. Chashti M. Exir-e-Azam [Great Elixir]. Tehran: Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine; 2008, Vol 3. P. 658, 382, 691, 695, 722, 746, 681, 668, 660, 665, 735. (Persian(
18. Jorjani E. Zakhire Kharazmshahi [The Treasure of King Khwarazm]. Qom: Ehyaye Teb Institute; 2011, Vol 2. P. 912- 18, Vol 3. P. 381, 529 (persian(
19. Aghili Khorasani M. Makhzan-ol-Adviyah [Storehouse of Medi¬caments]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2009, Vol 1. P. 213. (persian(
20. Akhtari E, Bioos S and Sohrabvand F. Infertility in Iranian Traditional Medicine from Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan point of view. IJOGI 2015; 18 (148): 18-23. (Persian(
21. Ibn Beytar A. Al-Jame le Mofradat al-Adviah va al-Aghziah. Lebanon, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah Publication; 1980, Vol 1. P. 176-80.
22. Baldi A. Tadbir al-hobali va al-atfal va al-sebyan va hefz e al-sehata hom. Baghdad: dar al rashid; 1980, P. 94. (Arabic(
23. Qarshi I. Al-Shamel fi-al-sana't-e al-tebbia. NTehran: Tehran University Publication; 2008, Vol 6. P. 713-15. (Arabic(
24. Tonkaboni M. Tohfat ol Moeminin. Corrected by Rahimi R, Shams Ardekani MR, Farjadmand F. Tehran: Nashr Shahr Press; 2007, P. 180.
25. Aghili Shirazi MH. Qarabadin-e-Kabir. Tehran: Intisharat va Amoozesh enghelab Islami Press 1772; 1992, P. 1035. (persian(
26. Shirooye P, Afrakhteh M, Bioos S, Mokaberinejad R. Uterine pain explanation from Iranian Traditional Medicine point of view and comparison with pelvic pain from contemporary medicine (review article). IJOGI 2016; 19 (3): 9-25. (Persian(
27. Tansaz Sohrabvand F, Nazem E, Tansaz M, Keshavarz M, Hashem Dabaghian F, Nikbakht Nasrabady A, Ghooshehghir SA, Bioos S, Mokaberinejad R. Investigation of the Personal and Uterine Humor in infertile women referred to Vali-E-As Hospital of Tehran, Iran in 2012. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2014; 17 (94): 10-9.
28. Shirooye P, Yavari M, Naiemi S, Bahman M, Meyari A, Memarzadeh Zavareh H and et al. Pathophysiology of vaginal discharge from Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) point of view compared with common medicine. IJOGI 2016; 19 (37): 75-84. (persian(
29. Chashti M. Mohit-e-Azam. Tehran: Research Institute for Islamic and Complementary Medicine; 1383, Vol 1. P. 350-51. (Persian(
30. Abdel-Rahman R, Alqasoumi S, El-Desoky A, Soliman G, Paré P and Hegazy M-E. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic potentials of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.). S. Afr. J. Bot. 2015; 98: 122-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.sajb.2015.02.009]
31. Sezik E, Yeşilada E, Honda G, Takaishi Y, Takeda Y and Tanaka T. Traditional medicine in Turkey X. Folk medicine in central Anatolia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75 (2): 95-115. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00399-8]
32. Tetik F, Civelek S and Cakilcioglu U. Traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Malatya (Turkey). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 146 (1): 331-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.054]
33. Turkmenoglu FP, Agar OT, Akaydin G, Hayran M and Demirci B. Characterization of volatile compounds of eleven achillea species from turkey and biological activities of essential oil and methanol extract of A. hamzaoglui arabacı & budak. Molecules 2015; 20 (6): 11432-58. [DOI:10.3390/molecules200611432]
34. Irinéia Paulina B, Regiane Américo F, Vanessa Fávero B, Maísa Gonçalves Jorge DS, Candida Aparecida Leite K, Arquimedes Gasparotto J and et al. Anxiolytic-like effects of acute and chronic treatment with Achillea millefolium L. extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 140 (1): 46-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.047]
35. Si XT, Zhang ML, Shi QW and Kiyota H. Chemical constituents of the plants in the genus Achillea. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2006; 3 (11): 1163-80. [DOI:10.1002/cbdv.200690119]
36. Trumbeckaite S, Benetis R, Bumblauskiene L, Burdulis D, Janulis V, Toleikis A and et al. Achillea millefolium L. sl herb extract: Antioxidant activity and effect on the rat heart mitochondrial functions. Food Chemistry 2011; 127 (4): 1540-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.014]
37. Blumenthal M. Herbal medicine, expanded commission E monographs in Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton. Anonymous. 2000, pp: 233-34.
38. Benedek B and Kopp B. Achillea millefolium L. sl revisited: recent findings confirm the traditional use. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 2007; 157 (13-14): 312-4. [DOI:10.1007/s10354-007-0431-9]
39. Kočevar N, Glavač I, Injac R and Kreft S. Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for determination of flavonoids in Achillea millefolium. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2008; 46 (3): 609-14. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.016]
40. Keser S, Celik S, Turkoglu S, Yilmaz O and Turkoglu I. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of water and ethanol extracts from achillea millefolium. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013; 10 (3): 385-92.
41. Kazemi M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory potential of Achillea millefolium L., Anethum graveolens L., and Carum copticum L. essential oils. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2015; 5 (4): 217-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.hermed.2015.09.001]
42. Shahani S, Rostamnezhad M, Ghaffari-rad V, Ghasemi A, Allahverdi Pourfallah T and Hosseinimehr SJ. Radioprotective effect of Achillea millefolium L against genotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation in human normal lymphocytes. Dose-Response 2015; 13 (1): 1-5. [DOI:10.1177/1559325815583761]
43. Elkington P, O'kane C and Friedland J. The paradox of matrix metalloproteinases in infectious disease. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2005; 142 (1): 12-20. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02840.x]
44. Wiedow O and Meyer‐Hoffert U. Neutrophil serine proteases: potential key regulators of cell signalling during inflammation. J. Internal Medicine 2005; 257 (4): 319-28. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01476.x]
45. Vitalini S, Beretta G, Iriti M, Orsenigo S, Basilico N, Dall'Acqua S and et al. Phenolic compounds from Achillea millefolium L. and their bioactivity. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2011; 58 (2): 203-19. [DOI:10.18388/abp.2011_2266]
46. Jenabi E and Fereidoony B. Effect of Achillea millefolium on relief of primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 2015; 28 (5): 402-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpag.2014.12.008]
47. Ebrahimi Varzaneh F, Nahidi F, F M, Pourhoseingholi M and Panahi Z. The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Achillea Millefolium capsule on duration and severity of primary dysmenorrhea pain. IJOGI 2017; 20 (3): 48-86. (Persian(
48. Hasanzadeh S, Esmaeily Maleki R and Bonyadi F. Protective Effects of the Essence and Aqueous Extract of Achillea millefolium and Vitamin E on Atrazine-induced Follicular Atresia in Rats. JMUMS 2017; 27 (150): 1-16. (Persian(
49. Sanjeeda P and Shabnam A. Testo Induced Ovulation Successfully In Women Of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Indo Am. J. Pharm. Res. 2015; 5 (06): 2430-4.
50. Innocenti G, Vegeto E, Dall'Acqua S, Ciana P, Giorgetti M, Agradi E and et al. In vitro estrogenic activity of Achillea millefolium L. Phytomedicine 2007; 14 (2): 147-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.05.005]
51. Zhao-dong L, Xiao-wen H, Yu-tian W and Jing F. Apigenin inhibits proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1. FEBS letters 2009; 583 (12): 1999-2003. [DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.013]
52. Ghavami G, Sardari S and Shokrgozar M. Anticancerous potentials of Achillea species against selected cell lines. J. Med. Plant. Res. 2010; 4 (22): 2411-17.
53. Csupor‐Löffler B, Hajdú Z, Zupkó I, Réthy B, Falkay G, Forgo P and et al. Antiproliferative effect of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from Achillea millefolium sl on cultured human tumour cell lines. Phytotherapy Res. 2009; 23 (5): 672-6. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.2697]
54. Hemmati A, Arzi A and Amin M. Effect of Achillea millefolium extract in wound healing of rabbit. JNR 2002; 2 (2): 164-7.
55. Hajhashemi M, Ghanbari Z, Movahedi M, Rafieian M, Keivani A and Haghollahi F. The effect of Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum ointments on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018; 31 (1): 63-9. [DOI:10.1080/14767058.2016.1275549]
56. Martini L. Breast rhagades in nursing and non lactating women: A gordian knot to loose by the aid of a phytocosmetical formulation. Breast. 2016, p: 6. [DOI:10.7241/ourd.20163.75]
57. Boswell‐Ruys CL, Ritchie HE, Patricia D and Woodman B. Preliminary screening study of reproductive outcomes after exposure to yarrow in the pregnant rat. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 2003; 68 (5): 416-20. [DOI:10.1002/bdrb.10038]
58. Fierascu I, Ungureanu C, Avramescu SM, Fierascu RC, Ortan A, Soare LC and et al. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties of Achillea millefolium L. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 2015; 20 (4): 10626-36.
59. Zengin G, Aktumsek A, Ceylan R, Uysal S, Mocan A, Guler GO and et al. Shedding light on the biological and chemical fingerprints of three Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. millefolium and A. teretifolia). Food Funct. 2017; 8 (3): 1152-65. [DOI:10.1039/C6FO01847E]
60. Falconieri D, Piras A, Porcedda S, Marongiu B, Gonçalves MJ, Cabral C and et al. Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile extracts of Achillea millefolium. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2011; 6 (10) 1527-30. [DOI:10.1177/1934578X1100601030]
61. Candan F, Unlu M, Tepe B, Daferera D, Polissiou M, Sökmen A and et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 87 (2): 215-20. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00149-1]
62. Shahbazi Y and Soleiman Zadeh M. In vitro assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of alcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium in comparison with penicillin derivatives. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2008; 7 (4): 508-11.
63. Duarte MCT, Figueira GM, Sartoratto A, Rehder VLG and Delarmelina C. Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97 (2): 305-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.016]
64. Baggio CH, Otofuji GDM, Freitas CS, Mayer B, Marques MCA and Mesia-Vela S. Modulation of antioxidant systems by subchronic exposure to the aqueous extract of leaves from Achillea millefolium L. in rats. Nat. Prod. Res. 2016; 30 (5): 613-15. [DOI:10.1080/14786419.2015.1030738]
65. Anderson RP and Aschkenazi SO. Complementary and Alternative Therapies for the Overactive Pelvic Floor. In: The Overactive Pelvic Floor. Springer International Publishing 2016; Springer, Cham: 305-19. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-22150-2_19]
66. Nurettin Özgür D, Çevik Y and Pamukçu Günaydın G. An Unexpected Anticholinergic Effect due to Yarrow (Achillea millefolium). JAEMCR 2013; 4 (3): 89-91. [DOI:10.5505/jaemcr.2013.55477]
67. Yaeesh S, Jamal Q, Khan AU and Gilani AH. Studies on hepatoprotective, antispasmodic and calcium antagonist activities of the aqueous‐methanol extract of Achillea millefolium. Phytother. Res. 2006; 20 (7): 546-51. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1897]
68. Khajavi Shojaei K, Askari M and Naseri M. Review study of dystocia cause in classic medicine and Iranian traditional medicine. IJOGI 2011; 4 (3): 45-53.
69. Geller SE, Adams MG, Kelly PJ, Kodkany BS and Derman RJ. Postpartum hemorrhage in resource‐poor settings. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2006; 92 (3): 202-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.12.009]
70. Cavalcanti AM, Baggio CH, Freitas CS, Rieck L, de Sousa RS, Da Silva-Santos JE and et al. Safety and antiulcer efficacy studies of Achillea millefolium L. after chronic treatment in Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 107 (2): 277-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.011]
71. Potrich FB, Allemand A, da Silva LM, Dos Santos AC, Baggio CH, Freitas CS and et al. Antiulcerogenic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium L.: involvement of the antioxidant system. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 130 (1): 85-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.014]
72. Samadiyan-Sarbangholi V, Taheri E and Habibi Bibalani Gh. Traditional use of two Achillea and Gundelia plant genus in East Azerbaijan province (Tabriz District), Iran. JBES 2014; 5 (2): 357-61.
73. Duarte J, Vizcaíno FP, Utrilla P, Jiménez J, Tamargo J and Zarzuelo A. Vasodilatory effects of flavonoids in rat aortic smooth muscle. Structure-activity relationships. Gen. Pharmacol. 1993; 24 (4): 857-62. [DOI:10.1016/0306-3623(93)90159-U]
74. Maliwichi-Nyirenda CP and Maliwichi LL. Medicinal plants used for contraception and pregnancy-related cases in Malawi: A case study of Mulanje District. J. Med. Plant. Res. 2010; 4 (20): 2121-27.
75. Adlercreutz H. Phyto-oestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002; 3 (6): 364-73. [DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00777-5]
76. Deendayal P, Shukla S and Gupta S. Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: progress, potential and promise. Int. J. Oncol. 2007; 30 (1): 233-45.
77. Birt DF, Walker B, Tibbel MG and Bresnick E. Antimutagenesis and antipromotion by apigenin, robinetin, and indole-3-carbinol. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7 (6): 959-63. [DOI:10.1093/carcin/7.6.959]
78. Višnja O, Štefica FG and Blaženka H. Application of new Herbal Pessaries for the Treatment of the Lower Genital Tract Infections. Ind. J. Appl. Res. 2015; 5 (6): 510-16.
79. Aghili Khorasani shirazi M. Kholassat Al-Hekmah (The Principals of Traditional Iranian Medicine): Nazem E editor. Qom- Iran: Es¬maeilian; 2006, Vol 3. P. 249. (persian(
80. Mallory J. Integrative care of the mother-infant dyad. Prim. Care. 2010; 37 (1): 149-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.008]
81. Devereux G. A study of abortion in primitive societies: New York:The Julian Press; 1955, p: 318. [DOI:10.1097/00005053-195511000-00017]
82. Al-Imari MAJ. Effects of Achillea Millifolium extract consumption by pregnant mice on pregnancy outcome and reproductive system of their female off spring. Kufa J. Vet. Sci. 2012; 3 (1): 9-18.
83. Dalsenter PR, Cavalcanti AM, Andrade AJ, Araújo SL and Marques MC. Reproductive evaluation of aqueous crude extract of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) in Wistar rats. Reproductive Toxicol. 2004; 18 (6): 819-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.04.011]
84. Ali SJ, Shapour H and Hassan M. Beneficial effects of Achillea millefolium aqueos extract against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Journal of Experimental & Integrative Medicine 2013; 3 (2): 113-19. [DOI:10.5455/jeim.110313.or.061]
85. Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC and et al. Safety Assessment of Achillea millefolium as Used in Cosmetics. Int. J. Toxicol. 2016; 35 (3): 5-15. [DOI:10.1177/1091581816677717]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Journal of Medicinal Plants

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb