fa Application of Conventional and New Biotechnological Approaches for Improving of Morphinane Alkaloids Production فارماكوگنوزی و فارماسيوتيكس Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutics پژوهشی Research <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">More than 12,000 alkaloids are known in plants, mostly used as medicine with a world market value of about 4 billion US$. Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the most important economic source of morphinane alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine that are exploited by the pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, antitussives and anti-spasmodics. With regard to increasing demand for these compounds, the aim of this review is presenting an outlook of classical breeding programs that successfully applied for enhancing the alkaloid content of opium poppy. The latest biotechnological approaches also are discussed to give an outlook for future trends and possibilities.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">More than 12,000 alkaloids are known in plants, mostly used as medicine with a world market value of about 4 billion US$. Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the most important economic source of morphinane alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine, narcotine and papaverine that are exploited by the pharmaceutical industry as analgesics, antitussives and anti-spasmodics. With regard to increasing demand for these compounds, the aim of this review is presenting an outlook of classical breeding programs that successfully applied for enhancing the alkaloid content of opium poppy. The latest biotechnological approaches also are discussed to give an outlook for future trends and possibilities.</div> <,i>,Papaver<,/i>, species, Biotechnological methods, Conventional breeding, Morphinane Alkaloids, Tissue culture, Metabolic engineering <,i>,Papaver<,/i>, species, Biotechnological methods, Conventional breeding, Morphinane Alkaloids, Tissue culture, Metabolic engineering 33 50 http://jmp.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-45-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 E Dehghan E Dehghan es.dehghanshahreza@gmail.com 100319475328460037816 100319475328460037816 Yes Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad B Hosseini B Hosseini 100319475328460037817 100319475328460037817 No Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University H Naghdi Badi H Naghdi Badi 100319475328460037818 100319475328460037818 No Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR) Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR) F Shahriari Ahmadi F Shahriari Ahmadi 100319475328460037819 100319475328460037819 No Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad